Education in fragile and conflict affected states has begun to attract considerable international attention as a result of security and governance concerns. Consequently the policies and approaches adopted by donors engaging in fragile and conflict affected states emphasise the importance of developing institutions, working with civil society, and addressing inequality; without undermining the legitimacy of the state. Education is viewed as a state responsibility in most contexts and there is general agreement that such provision can promote state legitimacy. This rapid literature review summarises the available evidence of how far support to education has strengthened governance during conflict.