After the 25 April earthquake in Nepal, it was decided early on that there would be no roll-out of a comprehensive, coordinated multi-sectoral assessment. At least 70 agencies, including UN, INGOs, local NGOs, and Government carried out a number of rapid assessments to identify the immediate needs – mostly using mixed methodology focused around key informant interviews and purposive sampling. This thematic report provides an overview of lessons learned while conducting humanitarian needs assessments following the 25 April and 12 May 2015 earthquakes in Nepal. This document aims to highlight some key issues faced by humanitarian agencies in the assessment process, to inform future assessments and strategies.