This conference brief sketches a framework that elucidates the channels through which agriculture affects health and nutrition and vice versa. Three components make up this framework: settings, resources, and production processes. The presence of feedback loops within the framework illustrates the possibility that anything that affects agriculture can affect health and nutrition, and anything that affects health and nutrition can affect agriculture. Because there can be no presumption that these effects will be, on balance, beneficial or harmful, policymakers and programme planners need to be cognizant of the multiple pathways through which agriculture can affect health and nutrition.